Pakistan Studies — HSSC-II Practice Quiz

Muslims of India are a separate nation from Hindus because of distinct religion, culture, history, civilization and way of life. It is the ideological basis on which the demand for Pakistan was made.

Bengal was too large to administer; partition was on administrative grounds. It created East Bengal (Muslim majority) and West Bengal — Muslims welcomed it, Hindus opposed.

(i) Reduce tension between Muslims and the British. (ii) Motivate Muslims to obtain Western/modern education. (iii) Enable Muslims for government jobs and make them loyal to the British government.

35 Muslim leaders under Sir Agha Khan met Viceroy Minto and demanded separate electorates, reserved Muslim quotas in jobs, and representation in legislative councils — leading directly to the formation of AIML.

(i) Establishment of capital and shortage of trained officers (administrative). (ii) Refusal of India to transfer Pakistan's full financial share (₨ 750 million). (iii) Kashmir/Canal water/Refugee rehabilitation problems.

(i) Rehabilitation of 6.5 million refugees and creation of Refugee Fund. (ii) Inauguration of State Bank of Pakistan (1 July 1948). (iii) Guidance for constitution-making and securing UN membership (30 Sept 1947).

A 1959 system in which 80,000 elected BD members formed the electoral college for the President, National and Provincial Assemblies, replacing universal adult franchise.

(i) Awami League's Six Points demand for maximum provincial autonomy. (ii) Postponement of the National Assembly session by Yahya Khan. (iii) Indian support to Mukti Bahini and military intervention in Nov-Dec 1971.

(i) Hudood Ordinance for theft, adultery, and consumption of alcohol. (ii) Establishment of Federal Shariat Court (1980). (iii) Media reforms, encouragement of prayers, and addition of Islamic programs in radio/TV.

Inserted via 8th Amendment, it gave the President the discretionary power to dissolve the National Assembly and dismiss the PM. It was used repeatedly (Junejo 1988, Benazir 1990 & 1996, Nawaz 1993) — causing chronic instability.

$46 billion project from Kashgar (China) to Gwadar; develops infrastructure, energy and ports, integrates Pakistan with China's Belt & Road Initiative, and boosts trade with Central Asia, Middle East and Europe.

Pakistan lies on the intersection of Indian, Eurasian, and Arabian Sea plates. Tectonic movement, plate collisions, and shallow focal depth in the north make it earthquake-prone (e.g. 1935 Quetta, 2005 Kashmir).

(i) Heavy monsoon rains from July to September. (ii) Melting of glaciers in the north during summer raising river flow. (iii) Deforestation causing soil erosion and silt that reduces river capacity.

(i) Build dams & reservoirs (Rawal, Khanpur, Kurram-Garhi). (ii) Construct flood embankments & levees, plant trees along river banks. (iii) Strengthen the Water Management/Flood Protection Department with weather radars and warning systems.

(i) Unpredictable monsoons → flash floods (2010, 2022). (ii) Glacial melt and rising sea levels threatening coastal cities. (iii) Heatwaves, droughts, and severe storms (Murree snowstorm 2022) damaging crops, livelihoods, and biodiversity.

(i) Supply timber, fuelwood, and raw material to industries (paper, furniture). (ii) Source of revenue and employment in northern areas and KPK. (iii) Improve climate, conserve soil, prevent erosion and act as carbon sinks.

(i) Rising demand for fuelwood and timber. (ii) Population growth + urbanisation clearing forest land. (iii) Illegal cutting, overgrazing and forest fires worsened by climate change.

(i) Finite reserves — coal, oil and gas will deplete. (ii) Environmental damage — CO₂ emissions, air pollution, climate change. (iii) Costly import bill — Pakistan imports much of its oil, hurting the economy.

(i) Three-tier local government (District, Tehsil, Union). (ii) Direct elections for Nazims and Naib Nazims. (iii) Devolution of administrative and financial powers from federal/provincial to district level.

(i) Islam as a common faith and Urdu as a unifying national language. (ii) Shared history of the Pakistan Movement, common cultural heritage, and a strong armed forces protecting the country.

(i) Security/law-and-order perception. (ii) Poor infrastructure (roads, hotels, signage) in northern areas. (iii) Lack of international marketing, visa issues, and inadequate trained tourist guides.

(i) Guarantees right to life, liberty, dignity, freedom of speech, religion, and equality before law (Articles 9-28). (ii) Independent judiciary and right of citizens to move courts for enforcement of fundamental rights (Article 184/199).

(i) Children miss schooling — perpetuates poverty & illiteracy. (ii) Hazardous industries (brick-kilns, carpet, automobile) damage health. (iii) Weak enforcement of laws (Employment of Children Act) and economic compulsion of poor families.

(i) Contribute in education, health, business and civil services (Justice Cornelius, A.R. Cornelius, Dr. Ruth Pfau). (ii) Promote interfaith harmony and tolerance. (iii) Showcase Pakistan as a pluralistic, welcoming state.

(i) Industrial effluent dumped untreated into rivers and canals. (ii) Agricultural runoff with pesticides, fertilizer and chemicals. (iii) Municipal sewage and solid waste (plastic, garbage) discharged into water bodies.